le 2 septembre, 2010
Mises à jour / Ressources / Topics / Human Health Risks
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Human Health Risks
Recent Studies
December 2009: Researchers have linked consumption of three of Monsanto's GM corn with organ damage in the most comprehensive study of the effects of genetically modified foods on mammalian health. All three varieties of GM corn — Mon 810, Mon 863 and NK 603 — were approved for consumption in Canada, the US and Europe.
The Committee of Research and Information on Genetic Engineering (CRIIGEN) and Universities of Caen and Rouen studied Monsanto's 90-day feeding trials data of insecticide-producing Mon 810, Mon 863 and Roundup® herbicide absorbing NK 603 varieties of GM maize.
Although different levels of adverse impact on vital organs were noticed between the three GMO's, the 2009 research shows specific effects associated with consumption of each GMO, differentiated by sex and dose.The data "clearly underlines adverse impacts on kidneys and liver, the dietary detoxifying organs, as well as different levels of damages to heart, adrenal glands, spleen and haematopoietic system," reported Gilles-Eric Séralini, a molecular biologist at the University of Caen.
Their December 2009 study appears in the International Journal of Biological Sciences (IJBS). This latest study conforms with a 2007 analysis by CRIIGEN on Mon 863, published in Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, using the same data.
Background
We do not know what, if any, impacts eating genetically engineered foods will have on our health. There are many indications that we do not know enough to be integrating GE foods into our diets. Additionally, there is no mandatory labelling of GE ingredients in Canada and there is no post-market surveillence to help us determine if there are already impacts. In the interests of public health, the precautionary principle needs to be applied in relation to introducing GE foods.
"We are performing a massive experiment. The results will only be known after millions of people have been exposed to (these foods) for decades…Any politician or scientist who tells you these products are safe is either very stupid or lying. The hazards of these foods are uncertain. In view of our enormous ignorance, the premature application of biotechnology is downright dangerous."
- David Suzuki quoted in The Globe and Mail, October 20, 1999.
GE foods are approved for human consumption based on industry-produced science that is not peer-reviewed and cannot be accessed by the public or independant scientists. Peer review is the process whereby independent scientists assess the work of others – it is a fundamental and defining practice of science. As the Royal Society of Canada Expert Panel on the Future of Food Biotechnology states, “peer review and independent corroboration of research findings are axioms of the scientific method, and part of the very meaning of the objectivity and neutrality of science.” (p. 214 ) Without peer review, the data used to approve products cannot be assumed to be good science, or indeed “science” at all.
There is only one independent human health safety assessment that has been published in a peer-reviewed journal. This is the study by Arpad Pusztai of the Rowett Research Institute in Aberdeen that was eventually published in The Lancet. In 1998, Pusztai found that the genetically engineered potatoes he was testing severely damaged the immune system and organs of rats, showing these potatoes were significantly different from non-GE potatoes and indicating that they may be toxic. After being interviewed on British television saying that it was “very, very unfair to use our fellow citizens as guinea pigs” he was suspended and was silenced with a lawsuit.
There are many scenarios for risks to human health given the lack of certainty involved in the science of genetic engineering. Genetic engineers continually encounter unintended side effects -- plants create toxins, react to weather differently, contain too much or too little nutrients, become diseased or malfunction and die. See Genetic Roulette: The Documented Health Risks of Genetically Engineered Foods by Jeffrey Smith for a summary of studies thus far. 2007.
For an introduction to the issues involved see Genetically Engineered Food and Child Health, Lucy Sharratt, 2003
Other Resources
February 2009: A recent article published in the journal Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, reviews the results of toxicity studies on GM foods that are available in the literature and discusses the significance of these findings on human and animal health as well as the limitations of the procedures adopted in the evaluation of the safety of the GMOs.
The results of most studies with GM foods indicate that they may cause some common toxic effects such as hepatic, pancreatic, renal, or reproductive effects and may alter the hematological, biochemical, and immunologic parameters. As such, the authors suggest that further long-term studies should be conducted in order to understand deeper the mechanisms at work and the possible consequences on health.
In the meantime, it was pointed out that the lack of evidence that GM food is unsafe cannot be interpreted as proof that it is safe.
"Health Risks of Genetically Modified Food"
Authors: Artemis Dona (a); Ioannis S. Arvanitoyannis (b)
Affiliations:
(a) Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
(b) School of Agricultural Sciences, Dept. of Agriculture Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, University of Thessaly, Hellas, Greece
DOI: 10.1080/10408390701855993
Published in: Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, Volume 49, Issue 2 February 2009 , pages 164 - 175
Subjects: Food Engineering; Food Microbiology; Nutraceuticals & Functional Foods; Nutrition; Processing;
Abstract
As genetically modified (GM) foods are starting to intrude in our diet concerns have been expressed regarding GM food safety. These concerns as well as the limitations of the procedures followed in the evaluation of their safety are presented. Animal toxicity studies with certain GM foods have shown that they may toxically affect several organs and systems. The review of these studies should not be conducted separately for each GM food, but according to the effects exerted on certain organs it may help us create a better picture of the possible health effects on human beings. The results of most studies with GM foods indicate that they may cause some common toxic effects such as hepatic, pancreatic, renal, or reproductive effects and may alter the hematological, biochemical, and immunologic parameters. However, many years of research with animals and clinical trials are required for this assessment. The use of recombinant GH or its expression in animals should be re-examined since it has been shown that it increases IGF-1 which may promote cancer.
Keywords: Allergenicity; antibiotic resistance; food safety; genetically modified; health risks; recombinant growth hormone; toxicity
Conclusions:
From the review of the toxicity studies concerning GM foods one might see that although toxicity can be assessed, the duration of exposure is too short in order to fully evaluate any potential disruptions in biochemical parameters and to evidence possible signs of pathology within the limited subchronic exposure of animals. Moreover, a larger number of animals should be used in the toxicity tests. The toxicity tests should comply with the guidelines for toxicity testing of drugs. It should be emphasized that since these GM foods are going to be consumed by every human being they should be tested even more thoroughly than drugs and more experiments are required in order to study the possible toxicity and make any conclusions. Tests to determine how a GM food affects mutagenesis and carcinogenesis should be conducted as well. Finally, post marketing surveillance should be part of the overall safety strategy for allergies, especially of high-risk groups such as infants and individuals in “atopic” families. Evaluation of protein allergenicity in man should also include studies in individuals not only with a history of allergy but with immunodeficiency as well. The use of recombinant GH in animals, such as cows or the expression of GH in animals such as salmon should be re-examined since it may promote cancer. The results of most of the rather few studies conducted with GM foods indicate that they may cause hepatic, pancreatic, renal, and reproductive effects and may alter hematological, biochemical, and immunologic parameters the significance of which remains unknown. The above results indicate that many GM food have some common toxic effects. Therefore, further studies should be conducted in order to elucidate the mechanism dominating this action. Small amounts of ingested DNA may not be broken down under digestive processes and there is a possibility that this DNA may either enter the bloodstream or be excreted, especially in individuals with abnormal digestion as a result of chronic gastrointestinal disease or with immunodeficiency.
Although intensive scientific effort is currently in progress to thoroughly understand and forecast possible consequences on humans, animals, and the environment, it is anticipated that many years of careful, independent research with animals and clinical trials will be needed in order to accomplish this assessment.
