Trade

Free trade agreements are being used to push governments to adopt new policies and regulation on biotechnology, along with new rules that restrict farmers’ from saving, exchanging and breeding seeds.

March 2022 – Understanding the Agricultural Biotechnology Provisions in the U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement, Institute for Agriculture & Trade Policy

March 2022 – The powers pushing for the planet-wrecking EU-Mercosur trade deal …and using it as a license to greenwash, Friends of the Earth Europe

CUSMA

The Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement (CUSMA) entered into force in 2020. It updates the North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (1994) and has a section on “Agricultural Biotechnology” but the agreement does not oblige any country to approve a GMO that is approved in another country, and it does not require countries to accept the scientific assessments and risk calculations of other countries. CUSMA mandates transparency, consultation, and science-based decision-making.

The Government of Mexico announced (2020) that it will “revoke and refrain from granting permits for the release of genetically modified corn seeds into the environment” and phase out of GM corn imports by 2024 as well as a phase out the use of the herbicide glyphosate. Mexico is largely self-sufficient in white corn used to make the country’s staple tortillas, but depends on imports of mostly GM yellow corn from the United States for livestock feed. The Government of Canada has officially joined a US challenge under CUSMA to the Government of Mexico’s planned phase out genetically modified (GM) corn. Mexico retains the right to take the precautionary measures it deems necessary to protect public health and the environment. See Understanding the Agricultural Biotechnology Provisions in the U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement, Institute for Agriculture & Trade Policy, March 2022.

November 7, 2023: CBAN requests to provide written submission in the trade dispute regarding Mexico’s phase out of GM corn.

July 2023: CBAN Update – Canada and US challenge Mexico’s ban on GM corn. For a summary of the challenge, developments and the issues involved.

June 9, 2023: The Government of Canada has officially joined a US challenge under CUSMA to the Government of Mexico’s planned phase out genetically modified (GM) corn.

• Ministers Bibeau and Ng Statement on Mexican measures that impact Agricultural Innovation: “Agricultural innovations continue to help address shared global challenges such as food security, sustainability, and climate resilience. Canada shares the concerns of the U.S. that Mexico’s measures are not scientifically supported and have the potential to unnecessarily disrupt trade in the North American market.”
• Notice of intention to join the consultations as a third Party – Mexican measures concerning genetically engineered products: “Canada has a substantial interest in the matters raised by the United States in its consultations request. Like the United States, Canada is concerned with the rejections of certain biotechnology product applications covering GE corn, canola, cotton, and soybean.”

Analysis:

• July 21, 2023: Despite U.S. Pushback, Mexico’s Fight to Ban Genetically Modified Corn is Not Over. “It is about defending our millenary cultural traditions, our health, and ancestral forms of living.”
• June 22, 2023: Canada and the U.S. are using free trade rules to attack Mexican food sovereignty, Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives
• May 30, 2023: Mexico calls U.S. bluff on science of GMO corn restrictions, Timothy Wise, Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy.
• March 23, 2023: Click here to read the letter from CBAN and the Council of Canadians to International Trade Minister Ng.
• January 6, 2023: 28 Canadian organizations called on the federal government to support Mexico’s phase out. Press release: Mexico under pressure from U.S. Over GMO and Glyphosate Ban, Council of Canadians.

CETA and Biotechnology

The Canada-EU Trade Agreement (CETA) between Canada and the European Commission was ratified through Bill C-30 which was introduced into Parliament on October 31, 2016.

The goal of CETA regarding biotechnology is to overcome “market access issues”. Under the provisions of CETA, Canada and the EU created a Bilateral “Dialogue on Biotech Market Access Issues” in 2017, to “strengthen bilateral cooperation on biotechnology.“ (Article 25.1) There have been four meetings of the dialogue so far, in 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021.

April 14, 2022  – EU Commission: answering science with political statements: Letter shows impact of trade interests and CETA. In a letter written in April 2022, the EU Commission states there would be no new and specific risks caused by the unintended effects of CRISPR/Cas applications. This letter was a response to a joint letter sent by the German Union of Peasant Farmers (AbL) and Testbiotech. Testbiotech argues that this statement of the Commission is not based on facts but largely driven by trade interests such as those supported by the free trade agreement CETA (The Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement) between the EU and Canada.

CETA “Dialogue on Biotech Market Access Issues”

Article 25.2

1. The Parties agree that cooperation and information exchange on issues in connection with biotechnology products are of mutual interest. Such cooperation and exchange of information shall take place in the bilateral dialogue on agricultural biotech market access issues of mutual interest which was established by the Mutually Agreed Solution reached on 15 July 2009 between Canada and the European Union following the WTO dispute European Communities – Measures Affecting the Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products WT/DS292. The bilateral dialogue covers any relevant issue of mutual interest to the Parties, including:
a. biotechnology product approvals in the territory of the Parties as well as, where appropriate, forthcoming applications for product approvals of commercial interest to either side;
b. the commercial and economic outlook for future approvals of biotechnology products;
c. any trade impact related to asynchronous approvals of biotechnology products or the accidental release of unauthorised products, and any appropriate measures in this respect;
d. any biotech-related measures that may affect trade between the Parties, including measures of Member States of the European Union;
e. any new legislation in the field of biotechnology; and
f. best practices in the implementation of legislation on biotechnology.

2. The Parties also note the importance of the following shared objectives with respect to cooperation in the field of biotechnology:
a. to exchange information on policy, regulatory and technical issues of common interest related to biotechnology products, and, in particular, information on their respective systems and processes for risk assessments for decision-making on the use of genetically modified organisms;
b. to promote efficient science-based approval processes for biotechnology products;
c. to cooperate internationally on issues related to biotechnology, such as low level presence of genetically modified organisms; and
d. to engage in regulatory cooperation to minimise adverse trade impacts of regulatory practices related to biotechnology products.

The Canada-United Kingdom Trade Continuity Agreement entered into force on April 1, 2021.

CETA Dialogue Meetings

There have been four meetings of the dialogue so far, in 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021 (numbered 10-13):

• The Thirteenth Canada-EU Biotech Market Access Issues Dialogue, December 3, 2021
• Meeting 12, October 21, 2020
• Meeting 11, CETA Committee on Biotech Market Access, Summary Report, March 4, 2019
• Meeting 10, 26 April 2018

In these meetings:

Canada encouraged the EU to approve GM proposals as fast as possible:

• 2019: “Canada stressed the importance of timely approvals of biotechnology events in the EU and the importance for the EU to ensure that proposals for GM events are processed as fast as possible within the procedures laid down in EU approval legislation.”
• 2020: “Canada encouraged EFSA to consider changes to its procedures that would improve the efficiency of the risk assessment process, with a view to bringing the timelines closer to the targeted timeframe of six months. Canada also encouraged EFSA to improve the functioning of the system from an applicant’s perspective.”
• 2021: “EFSA pointed out that the overall time for risk assessment decreased the last two years as a result of a leaner internal process.”

Canada expressed concern over the EU approach of assessing individual events followed by a full assessment of the stacked product as disproportionate to risk:

• 2020 & 2021: “Canada expressed concern over the EU approach of assessing individual events followed by a full assessment of the stacked product as disproportionate to risk.”

Canada encouraged the EU to “adopt a pragmatic approach to managing LLP” – Low Level Presence:

• 2019: “Canada emphasized the importance for countries, including the EU, to adopt a pragmatic approach to managing LLP to avoid unnecessary disruptions to trade.”
• 2019: “Canada emphasized the value of having an EU contribution to the international LLP discussion and invited the EU to participate in the next meeting of the Global LLP Initiative (tentatively scheduled for September 2019).”

Canada encouraged the EU to “consider a pragmatic approach to compliance [of new breeding techniques (NGTs)], in recognition that many products of gene editing are not distinguishable from their conventional counterparts.”

• 2019: “Canada, in full respect of the independence of the CJEU and its interpretation, enquired whether the Commission envisaged a new legislative proposal to address products from new plant breeding techniques and noted that different approaches are applied by many other countries in the world.”
• 2021: “Canada encouraged the European Commission to develop innovation friendly, trade-facilitative, science-based policy options that align with existing and emerging international regulatory approaches, noting that many products developed through NGTs will, for the most part, be similar or undistinguishable from products that could have otherwise been produced through conventional breeding.”

Other excerpts:

• 2018: “Canada expressed concerns over specific issues of the EU risk assessment, including the existing timelines for risk assessing GMO applications, including stacked events, the EU’s 10-year expiry of authorizations which then necessitate renewal applications, and the retroactive application of EFSA guidance documents.”
• 2019: “The Commission enquired whether Canada is considering a system that would provide information on the techniques (including precision biotechnology techniques) used for the development of seeds. Canada replied it is not opposed to transparency on this point, and discloses information on the techniques used in the development of products that are authorized for use as food and feed, and for environmental release in Canada.”

CETA and Farmers

The National Farmers Union argued that the trade deal will concentrate even more power in the hands of corporations, at the expense of farmers and food sovereignty.

• December 12, 2014: Agricultural Impacts of the Canada-European Union Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement, National Farmers Union, Submission to the House of Commons Standing Committee on Agriculture and Agri-Food regarding, December 5, 2014
• Click here for some history of CETA objections from the National Farmers Union.

UPOV’91

As UPOV has expanded, the global seed market has been taken over by a cartel of agrochemical companies. Who Profits Under UPOV? GRAIN, November 2022.

The International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) is an intergovernmental organization that has created model laws that allow seed developers to claim property rights similar to patents. Canada joined UPOV and adopted its 1978 model law by passing the Plant Breeders’ Rights Act in 1990. The 1991 model law, known as UPOV ’91, enhances the rights of multinational seed companies such as Bayer, Syngenta, Dow-DuPont, Limagrain, Viterra, Pioneer, and Cargill, while restricting farmers’ rights. Canada formally adopted UPOV ’91 on June 19, 2015.

In the early 1990s, through the World Trade Organisation (WTO), seed corporations successfully lobbied governments to give up sovereignty over their seeds and give in to the system of intellectual property rights on plant varieties. This process resulted in the strengthening of UPOV, the hitherto little-known common regime set up by a small group of European countries, aimed at privatising seeds and protecting them in the interest of its plant breeders. Now, various trade negotiations negotiated outside the WTO are being used to bring countries into UPOV, or follow its rules known as UPOV 91. Free trade agreements (FTAs) have become a tool for industrialised countries, working with corporate lobbies, to push governments of the global South to adopt new rules that restrict farmers’ from saving, exchanging and breeding seeds.

According to the National Farmers Union, by adopting UPOV ’91 Canada has reduced the freedom and independence of Canadian farmers by making it much more difficult to save and reuse seed of new plant varieties, forcing them to pay more for seed; opened the door to an end-point royalty system that would allow seed companies to collect royalties on the whole crop grown from new varieties – including each cut of hay on forage crops – if they cannot, or do not collect it on the seed.; transferred millions of dollars every year from farmers to plant breeders’ rights (PBR) holders; and consolidated the power and control of world’s largest agribusiness corporations over seed, and thus over the Canadian farming and food system.

Trade deals pushing UPOV: an interactive map – December 2021: A new map based on GRAIN’s dataset of signed FTAs in the past 20 years can help visualise which countries use free trade deals to push corporate control over seeds and which countries are under attack from these trade deals.

Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP)

The Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) – formally known as the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) – is an expansion of the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership Agreement (TPSEP or P4) that was signed by Brunei, Chile, New Zealand, and Singapore in 2005. The CPTPP is a free trade agreement between Canada and 10 other countries in the Asia-Pacific region: Australia, Brunei, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore and Vietnam. It entered into force on December 30, 2018 in the first six countries to have ratified the agreement: Canada, Australia, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, and Singapore.

The text of the TTP was released on Nov 5, 2015. Article 2.29 (in Chapter 2) pertains to “Trade of Products of Modern Biotechnology.” There are no restrictions in the TTP to the domestic regulation of GM foods, including the ability of GM foods to be labelled. The text specifically addresses the issue of “Low Level Presence“, creating a working group for more cooperation on this and other GMO related issues.

• Click here to read Article 2.29
• The full text is accessible here

The TTP will however have other impacts – we know that changes to milk quotas in Canada will mean that milk produced in the US will now enter Canada, and some of this milk could be produced through the use of recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone (BGH). In 1999, Health Canada denied approval to BGH on animal health grounds, after ten years of protest from Canadian consumers and farmers. Read the blog from the Council of Canadians here.

• You can read the history of Canadian resistance to BGH here
• An agreement to benefit multinational corporations, National Farmers Union

Resources

• The National Farmers Union, Trade Campaigns.
• Understanding the Agricultural Biotechnology Provisions in the U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement, Institute for Agriculture & Trade Policy, March 2022
• EFTA-Mercosur: another low blow to climate, peoples’ rights and food sovereignty, GRAIN, May 2022
• Food, Agriculture and CETA: The possible implications of a second generation, comprehensive trade agreement, A presentation by Lauren Baker, Toronto Food Policy Council, February 2011
• Trade agreement with Europe threatens Canada’s farmers, by Terry Boehm, President, National Farmers Union, Common Ground Magazine, Nov 2010.
• RCEP trade deal will intensify land grabbing in Asia, GRAIN, July 2019
• New free trade agreements: normalising the brutality of transnational supply chains, GRAIN, 2017
• The Price of Patented Seed – The Value of Farm-Saved Seed, National Farmers Union, 2013